The objective of protective relays and protective schemes is to protect electrical equipment such as transformers, lines, cables, bus bars, etc. during abnormal system conditions. Hence, protective ...

New protection panels were installed in the Cashla substation to upgrade the system protection and to provide redundancy at that location. Increasing dependence on electrical energy requires a secure ...

Testing verifies that protection schemes meet their intended purpose, ensuring safety and system integrity. Function testing involves manual or electrical manipulation of components to confirm signal ...